Back in late October 2022, annoyed reports started to appear on TidBITS Talk complaining that connecting an iPhone or iPad to a Mac to back up or sync abruptly began to require entering the device’s passcode every time. The “Trust This Computer?” passcode prompt appeared whether connecting via USB or Wi-Fi. It also appeared when using the iMazing utility to trigger iOS device backups. Before this change, your device prompted for its passcode only when it was freshly set up and hadn’t yet connected to the Mac or when you connected to a new Mac. (It’s also possible you would get the prompt after a major change, but that wasn’t documented or consistent.)

An iMazing blog post explains the situation. In iOS/iPadOS 16.1 and iOS/iPadOS 15.7.1, Apple started prompting on every connection in response to a vulnerability reported by security researcher Csaba Fitzl. In short, Fitzl showed that an attacker with physical access to your Mac and device could use macOS’s AppleMobileBackup command-line utility to trigger a backup to an unprotected location. Since local iOS/iPadOS backups lack encryption unless you add a password, the attacker might be able to extract user data from the relocated backup. 

It’s vanishingly unlikely that this would ever happen to most people: someone would have to have access to your unlocked Mac, your device, and the knowledge to run the exploit. It’s the kind of vulnerability leveraged by government agents, criminals, and others with either state-authorized license or nefarious intent.

Instead of preventing AppleMobileBackup from backing up to custom locations without additional permission, Apple chose to mitigate the vulnerability by forcing the user to enter the device’s passcode on every backup or sync connection. And it works: Apple’s new approach prevents the backups from being directed to an unprotected location unless an attacker knows your device’s passcode. If they know the passcode, there’s far worse that they could do with your iPhone or iPad and the data stored on it.

Unfortunately, Apple’s solution is particularly ham-handed because it adds a non-trivial step to every USB or Wi-Fi connection attempt by every iOS/iPadOS user who backs up or syncs locally. iCloud backups don’t suffer from this requirement, but they require an Internet connection, might use cellular data, and often need an iCloud+ subscription for the requisite storage space. Some people also don’t want to trust Apple’s iCloud security, although the release of Advanced Data Protection should reduce that concern (see “Apple’s Advanced Data Protection Gives You More Keys to iCloud Data,” 8 December 2022).

More troubling is the way that these nonstop passcode prompts will desensitize users to entering their passcodes when asked. The more you’re asked for a password or passcode, the less attention you pay, increasing the chances that you’ll fall for a deceptive prompt from malware attempting to steal your credentials.

Apple’s solution is also overkill. As noted, the likelihood of an attacker with sufficient skills having physical access to a normal user’s Mac and iPhone or iPad is extremely low. The solution is also quite different from Apple’s usual approaches to mitigating risk from physical attacks, which generally offer ways to enable or escalate the level of resistance depending on your needs. A motivated attacker would be more likely to figure out how to encapsulate the exploit into malware that would then exfiltrate user data from the device backup, a valuable vector that would probably be sold to a government for a highly targeted attack. Yes, Apple’s security engineers should address this vulnerability, but they should do so in a way that doesn’t worsen the general user experience.

Practically speaking, you can suffer with entering the passcode on every backup—it doesn’t prevent you from making backups but breaks automated backups with iMazing and may cause you to back up less often. For most people, however, I recommend iCloud backups because they happen automatically, without any human interaction. Nor do they consume space on your Mac, which can be significant, particularly if you have multiple devices with lots of data.

Frankly, I was unimpressed with the overall user experience of the Mac-based device backup workflow. While experimenting with local backups for this article, I had to pull the plug on my iPhone 14 Pro backup before it zeroed out the free space on my Mac. My iMac’s 1 TB SSD had about 150 GB free after backing up 32 GB from my 10.5-inch iPad Pro, and it was happy to start backing up my iPhone 14 Pro, which has about 112 GB used. Unfortunately, the backup wasn’t complete when macOS warned me that my disk was almost full with less than 3 GB available. The numbers should have worked out but clearly didn’t, in yet another example of why free space is difficult for even Apple to calculate.

Plus, when I canceled one of the “Trust This Computer?” prompts on my iPad, the Finder displayed the dialog on the left below. Since I didn’t want to try again, I clicked Cancel and got the dialog on the right. Talk about amateur hour!

What I didn’t realize until Shamino mentioned it in the comments is that canceling the “Trust This Computer?” prompt prevents the backup from happening, but allows the sync to continue. That’s functionally helpful but confusingly obscure.

Finally, even though macOS failed to calculate the amount of free space correctly in the end, it did realize it would have to reclaim purgeable space by deleting unnecessary files. That’s expected behavior, but it can cause problems for apps, such as Fantastical, which alerted me that it was unexpectedly terminated because of having its files deleted unexpectedly. 

Apple’s change reinforces my preference for iCloud backups, and I can see it causing many people to abandon local backups and synchronization for iCloud. I’m not one to subscribe to conspiracy theories about Apple using security as an excuse to push people into paying for iCloud+, but this poorly implemented solution doesn’t instill confidence. If Apple wants to dispel such speculation, it should release iOS and iPadOS updates that eliminate the repetitious passcode requirement alongside versions of macOS that fix AppleMobileBackup properly.

Now, if you’ll excuse me, I have to go delete those local test backups that just ate all my free disk space. Luckily, Apple makes that easy. When managing an iOS device in the Finder, click Manage Backups, select the desired backup, and click Delete Backup. (You can also Control-click a backup and choose Show In Finder to delete the backups manually.) Bye-bye, backups.

Do you like phish? Not the band, not tasty seafood dishes, and not the pretty tropical variety. I refer instead to the intellectual challenge of identifying phishing emails that attempt to get you to reveal personal information, often including login credentials or financial details, or entice you to call a phone number where trained operators will attempt to separate you from your money.

Phishing is a big deal, with a State of Phishing report from security firm SlashNext claiming that there were more than 255 million phishing attacks in 2022, a 61% increase from the year before. The Verizon Data Breach Investigations Report for 2022 says that only 2.9% of employees click through from phishing emails, but with billions of email addresses available to target, the raw numbers are still high.

Even before the LastPass breach (see “LastPass Shares Details of Security Breach,” 24 December 2022) and the news about a data leak containing email addresses of over 200 million Twitter users, I had been noticing more phishing attempts evading Gmail’s generally effective spam filters. I don’t entirely blame Gmail for this—in many cases, I can see how the messages would be hard to catch.

In the past, many phishing attempts were obviously fake, and intentionally so. That’s because they only had to sucker people who were sufficiently inexperienced, credulous, or easily deceived that they would continue to go along with the scam. Now, however, I’m seeing phishing attempts that are more sophisticated and harder to identify quickly.

I’ve been examining phishing attempts for so long that it’s hard for me to imagine what might fool someone else, so I wanted to share some recent attempts that slipped past Gmail’s filters. For each message, I’ve called out some of the ways I identified it as phishing. I suspect that most of you will assume that you would also easily have identified the message as fake, but remember, many people move rapidly through their email without reading carefully. Perhaps my calling out of some of the hallmarks of phishing attempts can help you or the people to whom you forward this article avoid being drawn in.

Password Reset

This phishing attempt purports to come from a system administrator in charge of my email domain and tries to lure me into clicking a button. The text isn’t very good, but the buttons are, and it’s easy to imagine someone who’s scanning too quickly clicking the button without even reading the text. But that would be a mistake!

1. The Subject line for this message is glaring to me because I know how tidbits.com is managed—I do it! So this one wasn’t going to fool me, but I could imagine someone getting a similar message that identified their domain and thinking it was from the IT department. Putting the email address in the Subject might get some people to click because it feels personalized.
2. It feels weird to me that the From line of the message is also tidbits.com. Even if an administrator had to email users about a required password reset, I would expect a name or a role to appear here.
3. The body of the message is a giveaway. The phisher clearly doesn’t know my name and is thus addressing it to my username. With additional data being leaked all the time, however, there’s no guarantee that phishers won’t start personalizing messages more thoroughly. The other problem with this text is that it doesn’t sound like it was written by a native speaker of English. There’s a difference between someone who’s just a weak writer and someone who doesn’t think in English, and the phrase “please kindly reconfirm Password” screams “non-native speaker.” (I presume that phishing attempts are localized into other languages for people in other countries, so replace “English” with whatever your native language is.)
4. These buttons are pretty good—they look official, they’re consistently capitalized, and one is clearly the default. But anything that contains the word “password” and tries to get you to click should set off warning bells.
5. The phisher should have stopped with the buttons. I adore this small text, which tries to claim that what you’re looking at is a system notification, not an email message, and you can’t reply to it. Yeah, sure, buddy.
6. Finally, we come to an even smaller line of text that sounds like an AI wrote it, in that it makes a nominally true but largely meaningless statement. I guess I could imagine a beleaguered system administrator writing something similarly banal, but to me, it grates.

Interestingly, when I clicked either of those buttons (the risks I take for you, loyal readers!), I was directed to a Web page that showed the progress dialog on the left and then tried to get me to log in with the dialog on the right. I didn’t take it any further. It’s worth emphasizing that you shouldn’t click buttons or links in a phishing email since that might put your email address on a list of “dupes who click stuff” and invite even more phishing messages.

VoiceNote Notification

My next example pretends to be a notification of a voice note. Again, since I’m the person who would have set up any voice note system, this phishing attempt is wasted on me, but in a large organization where people don’t know what IT is up to? Not inconceivable.

1. I could see someone opening this message because the Subject isn’t problematic. I tend to think that if your email address ends up in the Subject line, it’s probably spam, but I don’t know if everyone thinks that way. The copyeditor in me also takes note of the two spaces between “VoiceNote” and “Notification” and the fact that “To” is capitalized. It’s unprofessional and looks wrong, but real emails could have similar mistakes.
2. I wonder if this is the same phisher as in the previous attempt since it’s again clumsily attempting to fool me into thinking the message is from a system administrator at my domain. In fact, what’s happened here is that the phisher has forged my address, which my email client, Mimestream, indicates by showing my avatar and putting a Sent tag over on the right. This message appears to be from me and to me, but many people wouldn’t pick up on those subtle cues.
3. I’m not perturbed by the camel case in “VoiceNote,” which matches the Subject and could identify some product or service. But the capitalization and extra space in “MailBo x Arrived” is glaringly bad. Had it said, “You have received a VoiceNote.” more people might have believed it. I can’t believe I’m making editing suggestions for spam, but with services like ChatGPT, phishers won’t have trouble writing better text. They will have to be a little sneaky—ChatGPT tries to avoid helping miscreants.
   
4. What’s with the asterisks, the periods, and the lack of a space in “120seconds”? I’d expect cleaner text in a notification purporting to be associated with some VoiceNote service. The timestamp is also suspiciously precise—I can’t see any real product designer allowing such detail.
5. I’m so disappointed with this button! This phisher is far too enamored of asterisks, and they couldn’t even stay consistent with the product name, switching suddenly to AudNote.

And in fact, when I click the lame button…drumroll, please…it is the same phisher as the previous one! Same progress dialog, followed by the same login dialog. The first one arrived over a month ago, so it’s interesting that the phisher is continuing to probe me. I wonder if clicking the links will cause more to come.

PayPal Money Request and Invoice

My next two examples are devilishly good because they use real PayPal messages, complete with multiple bits of text warning about phishing. But there are still giveaways. These arrived a week apart and are almost certainly the work of the same phisher.

1. The To line in the left-hand message identifies some random person. This is a glaring but odd mistake since phishers can generally get your address in the To line. The Resent-From line is also a clue because Mimestream is calling out the fact that the message was sent to and from the same person.
2. In the right-hand message, the To line merely calls out “PayPal User” and uses a different Resent-From line. That’s less of a giveaway, but you should always be suspicious of messages that don’t seem to know who you are or that are sent by people you don’t know. (And if you know Tyrecia Waggoner, you have a tougher job.)
3. Another poor job of personalization on the left-hand message. Although the formatting of this line looks wrong to me, when I compared it against a legitimate PayPal money request, it’s the same, albeit with my name. If the phisher had used my name rather than the email address of the person who showed up in the To and Resent-From lines, it would have been more convincing.
4. I believe these two messages are from the same phisher, who is learning how to modify the PayPal messages better, since this one is addressed to “PayPal User.” That’s not too persuasive, but it’s easy to imagine it becoming more so.
5. Who is Calvin Taenzler? Unless you know, you probably won’t fall for this request, even after reading the fake message about your Norton Security subscription auto-renewing. I tried the phone number, but it wouldn’t connect—perhaps it was live back in December when I received this phishing attempt.
6. The evolution of the PayPal scam continues. Instead of naming someone you won’t know, the message pretends to be an updated invoice for that fake Norton Security subscription, and if you don’t want it to auto-renew, you have to call a phone number. It’s easy to imagine someone with failing memory thinking they might have subscribed to Norton Security and calling to check. Like the other number, it wasn’t active anymore.

When I clicked the Pay Now button on the left-hand message, I was sent to a legitimate PayPal login screen. Needless to say, I didn’t go any farther, but unless PayPal has shut this account down, it seems like it could be collecting money. Clicking the View and Pay Invoice button on the right-hand message also went to a legitimate PayPal page, but it displayed an error about the invoice being no longer available.

If you receive PayPal phishing attempts, PayPal asks that you report them. Forward the messages to [email protected] and then delete them. Do not mark them as spam, or you might find legitimate PayPal messages being caught by your spam filter.

Norton 360 Invoice

The next two examples came a day apart and are very similar. Again, they seem to show a particular spammer—perhaps even the same one trying the Norton Security scam above—testing different techniques.

1. The Subject lines of these messages are both fairly effective—in both cases, I’d open them to see what they’re talking about. Notably, neither has any egregious spelling, capitalization, or grammatical errors.
2. This phisher was lazy and just put some random letters in the From line. That’s a dead giveaway, and had I been working normally, I would have marked these messages as spam instantly.
3. Notice that the To line says “undisclosed-recipients.” On its own, that doesn’t bother me much because it’s not uncommon to receive Bcc’d messages that end up with something like this in the visible To line. However, these messages purport to be individual billing reminders, complete with customer ID numbers, and it doesn’t make sense that a business that knows my ID number wouldn’t also know my name.
4. Pay attention to the attachments here—both are JPEG images with names that don’t set off any major warning bells. The invoices appear in the message windows because Mimestream displays attached images that way.
5. Without Mimestream showing the attachments in the body of the message, all you’d see is this one line of text: “Thanks for your” on the left and “Asap” on the right. That’s how these phishing attacks evade Gmail’s filters—there’s too little to go on to mark the messages as spam automatically. We’ve all sent brief messages that are a line of text and an attached image.
6. On the left side, the NortonLifeLock logo is horizontally compressed. That’s a tell for me—no large company with basic competence would allow email to go out with the corporate logo squished. It’s different—and better—on the right.
7. The text is the same on both sides, apart from the phone number, and it’s pretty bad. What is it about the intersection of English and whatever language so many phishers speak that they capitalize words with such abandon? If it looks like a message was suffering from a spasming Shift key, it’s almost certainly not legitimate.
8. The table is a clever touch that makes the message seem more legitimate. I particularly like the row indicating that no sales tax was charged. Pay closer attention when a message starts to look real—a quick glance at a table like this could get you to click something if you weren’t reading carefully. Also, note that a day after the first message on the left, the phisher figured out how to avoid squishing the Norton logo and found a nicer place for it.
9. Lastly, you can see on the right side that the phisher has used the NortonLifeLock logo again, but as a signature of sorts, and with the proper aspect ratio. That looks much more real than the Team Norton text signature on the left. In short, beware of graphics. They’re easily copied and are an easy way to make a message look more real.

Server Maintenance

For my final example, consider this message purporting to come from my company’s IT Support department. It’s trying to steal your email password because once an attacker controls your email, they can reset your password at other sites and compromise more sensitive accounts. Protect that email password above all else!

1. The Subject line in this message is once again pretty good. I’d open this message because even though I run all the TidBITS servers, they’re all hosted at companies like Arcustech and DigitalOcean. I already receive notifications from those companies about planned outages and the like, so this Subject line doesn’t set off many warning bells, apart from including my email address.
2. Since the message purports to be from my IT department, having the From line be the domain isn’t seriously problematic, and the To line below is also correct. However, note the use of my avatar and the Sent tag off to the right. That’s Mimestream indicating that the phisher forged the message to look like it came from me as well as being sent to me. Not all email programs provide such an indication.
3. The table formatting in this message—particularly the dashed lines—is rather odd. To me, the dashed lines scream “Fake!” although I don’t know if others would pick up on that. Pay attention to gut feelings that something isn’t right.
4. Once again, the text is poor, with numerous mistakes that indicate that the message was composed by someone who doesn’t speak English natively or even bother to let auto-correct work. The claim that the IT department is deactivating accounts is designed to make you worry, but good IT departments wouldn’t just send email to see if an account was in use before deactivating it.
5. This Confirm and Update button looks good and is an attractive target for someone scanning without reading carefully. Beware if you find yourself doing that!
6. This second bit of text is nonsensical—I would hope that anyone reading it would get that, but perhaps that’s overly optimistic.
7. I’m amused that the phisher invented “MailBox Corporations” and located it at One Microsoft Way. It’s a stylistic flourish but counterproductive if the message is supposed to emanate from my company’s IT support department. Mismatches like this are another good hint that a message isn’t real.

Clicking the Confirm and Update button loaded a generic cPanel login for a webmail service. It has a little trouble with its copyright symbol, and I hope it wouldn’t fool anyone who was expecting to see their organization’s webmail system. I fed it a random email address and password and got an expected error, but I presume that all the data is being captured on the other side.

Overall Advice

I hope you’ve found this tour of a few selected phishing attempts helpful. As you can see, they vary widely in their sophistication and techniques, but with careful attention, you shouldn’t have much trouble resisting their siren calls. My main pieces of advice for identifying phishing attempts are:

• Assume that you shouldn’t click anything in an email message until you’ve given it a closer look. It’s easy to skim and respond to a full inbox, which is exactly what phishers are counting on.
• Read the text of the messages, looking for capitalization, spelling, and grammatical mistakes. Nothing prevents phishers from writing correct English, but it seldom happens. Pay special attention to the fine print at the bottom—it’s often more of a giveaway than anything else because phishers are trying to make the message look right without continuing the deception.
• Evaluate any claim about something happening within your organization against what you know to be true. Would your IT department do something extreme like deactivating accounts with little warning? Even if that’s not inconceivable, it’s safer to ask someone in the organization if a message is real than to click buttons randomly.
• Be careful when you see big, legitimate-looking buttons. They’re easy to make and can sucker people who don’t read the surrounding text carefully.
• If a message is just an attached image, it’s almost certainly fake.
• With messages that don’t set off any other warning bells, like the PayPal phishing attempts above, be alert for names and email addresses that aren’t familiar.

Good luck, and stay safe out there!